Today our topic of discussion is -Conclusion Reference
Conclusion Reference
In this treatise we discussed the loanwords exist in Bengali vocabulary in an expanded scope. We discussed those words from the point of view of linguistics based on their origin. In every chapter and sub-chapter, we showed and explained the transformation of words phonologically, morphologically and semantically.
The findings of our research are described below-
In Persian origin we got one language only, which is Perso-Arabic. Linguistically Perso-Arabic loanwords came through the phonological, morphological and semantic processes. The processes which occurred phonologically are –
12. Assimilation
13. Anapticsis
14. Aphesis
15. Syncope
16. Vowel harmony
17. Nasalization
18. Final consonant elision
19. Middle consonant elision
20. Middle consonant insertion
21. Final consonant insertion
22. Final vowel insertion
Processes which occurred morphologically are –
3. Compounding
4. Affixation
By morphological nature, there are three classes of words
4. Noun
5. Adjective
6. Interjection
Processes which occurred semantically are-
5. Intact meaning
6. Different meaning
7. Contraction
8. Expansion
In European origin, we got four languages; English, Portuguese, Dutch and French. Linguistically English words came through the processes of phonology, morphology and semantics. The processes which occurred phonologically are –
9. Final vowel insertion
10. Syncope
11. Initial consonant elision
12. Enapticsis
13. Partial phonological change
14. Metathesis
15. Prothesis
16. Substitution
Processes which occurred morphologically are –
5. Compounding
6. Hybridization
7. Clipping
8. Abbreviation
By morphological nature, there are two classes of words –
1. Noun
2. Adjective
Processes which occurred semantically are
4. Intact meaning
5. Expansion
6. Contraction
The phonological processes which Portuguese loanwords went through are; dissimilation, substitution, final consonant elision and final vowel elision. Morphological processes which took place are; compounding and hybridization. By morphological
nature, Portuguese words are all noun. The meaning of Portuguese loanwords in Bengali vocabulary retained intact.
In the case of Dutch, the phonological processes are initial vowel insertion and substitution. Morphologically they are noun. Semantically those words retained intact.
Regarding French, the phonological processes which went through are; final vowel insertion, final vowel elision and nasalization.
Morphologically they all are noun according to grammatical categories. The meaning of French loanwords in Bengali retained intact while borrowing
Under the Indo-Aryan origin, we found two languages; Hindi and Gujarati. In the case of Hindi, the phonological processes which took place are-
1. Final consonant elision
2. Final vowel insertion
3. Syncope
4. Middle consonant elision
5. Final vowel elision
By morphological nature, there are three grammatical categories; noun, adjective and conjunction. In Bengali language, some Hindi loanwords came through affixation. The meaning of Hindi loanwords retained intact in Bengali.
The Gujarati elements which we found in Bengali language have no notable phonological changing. But sometimes the Gujarati vowel sound /a/ turns into Bengali vowel sound /a/. By morphological characteristics, words which came from Gujarati are all noun. The meaning of Gujarati loanwords retained intact.
Under the Dravidian origin, we found two languages; Malayalam and Tamil. There is no notable difference of sound change between Malayalam and Bengali except few vowel sounds. Malayalam vowel sound /a/ became /u/ in Bengali while borrowing. By morphological characteristics, Malayalam words came in Bengali in the form of noun. The semantic value of Malayalam words retained intact.
Regarding Tamil, the final vowel sound /u/ of this language was deleted when entered in Bengali and the words are noun from the perspective of grammatical categories.
Under the Sino-Tibetan language family, here is only one language which donated its words to Bengali is Chinese. The Chinese elements which we found in Bengali language went through the processes of sound change. Sometimes Chinese vowel sound /i/ turned into Bengali vowel sound /u/. We also found the partial phonological change in Chinese loanword.
By nature, words which came from Chinese are all noun according to the grammatical categories. The meaning of Chinese loanwords in Bengali vocabulary retained intact.
In the Japonic origin, we got one language which is Japanese. While taking as loan, Japanese words had to come through some certain phonological processes. Sometimes partial phonological change occurred between these two languages.
Sometimes the process of Syncope took place. Morphologically the elements which came in Bengali from Japanese language are all belong to noun. The meaning of Japanese loanwords in Bengali vocabulary retained intact.
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